{"id":100,"date":"2024-06-24T14:22:53","date_gmt":"2024-06-24T14:22:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/friendsofglass.com\/cr\/why-glass\/why-glass-history\/"},"modified":"2025-07-02T13:08:44","modified_gmt":"2025-07-02T13:08:44","slug":"povijest","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/friendsofglass.com\/hr\/zasto-staklo\/povijest\/","title":{"rendered":"Za\u0161to staklo – povijest"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n
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Povijest stakla<\/p>\r\n

Kakva je povijest stakla?<\/h1>\r\n
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Pridru\u017eite<\/span> nam<\/span> se <\/span>na<\/span> putovanju<\/span> kroz<\/span> vrijeme<\/span> kako<\/span> bismo<\/span> otkrili<\/span> bogatu<\/span> povijes<\/span>t<\/span> koju<\/span> su<\/span> ispleli<\/span> drevni<\/span> po\u010deci<\/span> staklarstva<\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kada<\/span> je <\/span>staklo<\/span> otkriveno<\/span>?<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

Otkrijte<\/span> fascinantne<\/span> po\u010detke<\/span> izrade<\/span> stakla<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span>iz<\/span> vremena<\/span> drevnih<\/span> civilizacija<\/span> u <\/span>Mezopotamiji<\/span> i<\/span> Egiptu<\/span> oko<\/span> 4000. <\/span>godine<\/span> prije<\/span> nove<\/span> ere. Od <\/span>ukra\u0161enih<\/span> posuda<\/span> do <\/span>slo\u017eenih<\/span> religijskih<\/span> artefakata<\/span>, <\/span>umjetnost<\/span> drevnog<\/span> stakla<\/span> govori<\/span> mnogo<\/span> o <\/span>izumiteljstvu<\/span> i<\/span> vje\u0161tini<\/span> na\u0161ih<\/span> predaka<\/span>. <\/span>A<\/span> tko<\/span> ga je <\/span>zapravo<\/span> izumio<\/span>?<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Otkrivanje<\/span> po\u010detaka<\/span> \u2013<\/span> povratak<\/span> u <\/span>4. <\/span>tisu\u0107lje\u0107e<\/span> prije<\/span> nove ere<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

Pri\u010da zapo\u010dinje 4000. godina prije Krista, vrijeme iz kojeg su arheolozi prona\u0161li rane povijesne dokaze o staklu izra\u0111enom ljudskom rukom, iako prve \u0161uplje posude nisu napravljene sve do oko 1500. godine prije Krista. Tada su prvi put izra\u0111ene na na\u010din da je jezgra od pijeska prekrivena slojem rastopljenog stakla, \u010dime je dobiven oblik pogodan za skladi\u0161tenje proizvoda. Genijalne tehnike koje su koristili rani umjetnici, uklju\u010duju\u0107i formiranje jezgre i mozaik od stakla, postavile su temelje za \u0161irenje proizvodnje. Rimljani su revolucionarizirali proizvodnju izumom puhanja stakla oko 1. stolje\u0107a prije Krista, pro\u0161iruju\u0107i upotrebu posuda.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Uzmimo maslinovo ulje: to je odli\u010dan primjer spajanja staklarstva i kulturne povijesti. Od anti\u010dke Gr\u010dke do suvremene Europe, spremnici su oduvijek bili klju\u010dni element proizvodnje i konzumacije maslinovog ulja. <\/span>Kako se gr\u010dki utjecaj \u0161irio Europom, tako su se pove\u0107avao i izvoz maslinovog ulja. U po\u010detku spremano u elegantne amfore, ulje je trebalo nove spremnike \u2013 bolje prilago\u0111ene putovanju. Robusni i higijenski, tzv. stakleni demi\u017eoni pokazali su se kao savr\u0161en izbor<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\n\n\r\n

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\"history-decorations-islamic-golden-age\" <\/div>\r\n

U islamskom zlatnom dobu, na prvom su mjestu ukrasi<\/h3>\r\n

Tijekom<\/span> Islamskog<\/span> zlatnog<\/span> doba<\/span>, <\/span>koje<\/span> je <\/span>trajalo<\/span> od 8. <\/span>do<\/span> 13. <\/span>stolje\u0107a<\/span>, <\/span>staklarstvo<\/span> je <\/span>procvjetalo<\/span>, <\/span>posebno<\/span> u <\/span>regijama<\/span> poput<\/span> Sirije<\/span>, <\/span>Egipta<\/span> i<\/span> Perzije<\/span>. <\/span>Islamski<\/span> su<\/span> umjetnici<\/span> usavr\u0161ili<\/span> svoje<\/span> tehnike<\/span> i<\/span> uveli<\/span> slo\u017eene<\/span> dekorativne<\/span> stilove<\/span>, <\/span>poput<\/span> lustera<\/span> i<\/span> emajliranja<\/span>. Ti <\/span>su<\/span> dizajni<\/span> kombinirali<\/span> inspiraciju<\/span> rimskih<\/span> metoda<\/span> s <\/span>lokalnim<\/span> sastojcima<\/span> prona\u0111enim<\/span> u <\/span>prirodi<\/span>, <\/span>uklju\u010duju\u0107i<\/span> \u017eivopisne<\/span> boje<\/span> te<\/span> delikatne<\/span> emajlirane<\/span> i<\/span> pozla\u0107ene<\/span> detalje<\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n

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\"history-venetian-glass-renaissance\" <\/div>\r\n

Venecijanske staklarske vje\u0161tine \u2013 renesansno doba<\/h3>\r\n

Venecija<\/span> se od 13. <\/span>stolje\u0107a<\/span> istaknula<\/span> kao<\/span> vode\u0107i<\/span> centar<\/span> staklarstva<\/span> zahvaljuju\u0107i<\/span> svojoj<\/span> ulozi<\/span> glavno<\/span>g<\/span> trgovinsko<\/span>g<\/span> i<\/span> trgova\u010dko<\/span>g<\/span> sredi\u0161t<\/span>a<\/span> Europe, <\/span>Bliskog<\/span> istoka<\/span> i<\/span> Azije<\/span>. <\/span>Venecijanski<\/span> umjetnici<\/span> usavr\u0161ili<\/span> su<\/span> tehnike<\/span> poput<\/span> proizvodnje<\/span> kristala<\/span> (<\/span>prozirnog<\/span> stakla<\/span>) <\/span>i<\/span> filigranskog<\/span> stakla<\/span>, <\/span>\u010dime<\/span> je <\/span>Venecija<\/span> postala<\/span> sredi\u0161te<\/span> umjetni\u010dkih<\/span> i<\/span> tehnolo\u0161kih<\/span> inovacija<\/span>. Bogati <\/span>pokrovitelji<\/span>, <\/span>poput<\/span> kralja<\/span> Louisa XIV<\/span>.<\/span> iz<\/span> Francuske<\/span> i<\/span> kraljice<\/span> Elizabete I<\/span>.<\/span> iz<\/span> Engleske<\/span>, <\/span>naru\u010divali<\/span> su<\/span> od <\/span>staklara<\/span> slo\u017eene<\/span> i<\/span> dekorativne<\/span> predmete<\/span> za <\/span>prakti\u010dne<\/span> i<\/span> ukrasne<\/span> svrhe<\/span>, <\/span>dodatno<\/span> poti\u010du\u0107i<\/span> rast<\/span> industrije<\/span>. Do <\/span>po\u010detka<\/span> 1600-ih, <\/span>venecijanska<\/span> vje\u0161tina<\/span> stekla<\/span> je <\/span>\u0161iroko<\/span> priznanje<\/span> diljem<\/span> Starog<\/span> svijeta<\/span> \u2013 <\/span>iako<\/span> su<\/span> venecijanske<\/span> vlasti<\/span>, <\/span>kao<\/span> i<\/span> ve\u0107inu<\/span> svoje<\/span> povijesti<\/span>,<\/span> \u010duvale<\/span> to\u010dan<\/span> proces<\/span> kao<\/span> strogo<\/span> \u010duvanu<\/span> tajnu<\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n\r\n

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Povijest<\/span> industrijskog<\/span> staklarstva<\/span> \u2013 od <\/span>Appertovog<\/span> revolucionarnog<\/span> otkri\u0107a<\/span> do <\/span>napredaka<\/span> industrijske<\/span> revolucije<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Sljede\u0107e<\/span> va\u017eno<\/span> otkri\u0107e<\/span> je<\/span> ono<\/span> Nicolas<\/span>a<\/span> Appert<\/span>a<\/span> koji je 1809. <\/span>godine<\/span> razvio<\/span> revolucionarnu<\/span> metodu<\/span> za <\/span>spremanje<\/span> hrane<\/span> u <\/span>staklenke<\/span> i<\/span> njihovu<\/span> termi\u010dk<\/span>u<\/span> obrad<\/span>u<\/span>, <\/span>\u0161to<\/span> je <\/span>u\u010dinkovito<\/span> steriliziralo<\/span> sadr\u017eaj<\/span> i<\/span> sprije\u010dilo<\/span> kvarenje<\/span>. <\/span>Zape\u010da\u0107en<\/span>i<\/span> spremnici<\/span> osiguravali<\/span> su<\/span> hermeti\u010dki<\/span> zatvoreno<\/span> okru\u017eenje<\/span> koje<\/span> je <\/span>zaustavljalo<\/span> rast<\/span> mikroorganizama<\/span>, <\/span>omogu\u0107uju\u0107i<\/span> tako<\/span> da se <\/span>lako<\/span> kvarljiva<\/span> hrana<\/span> poput<\/span> umaka<\/span> mo\u017ee<\/span> \u010duvati<\/span> dulje<\/span>,<\/span> bez<\/span> potrebe<\/span> za<\/span> hla\u0111enj<\/span>em<\/span>. <\/span>Appertova<\/span> inovativna<\/span> tehnika<\/span> ne <\/span>samo<\/span> da je <\/span>transformirala<\/span> prehrambenu<\/span> industriju<\/span> omogu\u0107avaju\u0107i<\/span> dugotrajno<\/span> skladi\u0161tenje<\/span> i<\/span> transport <\/span>lako<\/span> kvarljivih<\/span> proizvoda<\/span>, <\/span>ve\u0107<\/span> je <\/span>postavila<\/span> temelje<\/span> za <\/span>moderne<\/span> metode<\/span> konzerviranja<\/span> hrane<\/span>, <\/span>uklju\u010duju\u0107i<\/span> konzerviranje<\/span> i<\/span> pasterizaciju<\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Sljede\u0107a<\/span> velika<\/span> inovacija<\/span> dogodila<\/span> se u <\/span>Britaniji<\/span> tijekom<\/span> industrijske<\/span> revolucije<\/span>, <\/span>kada<\/span> je 1886. <\/span>godine<\/span> Howard Ashley <\/span>iz<\/span> Castleforda<\/span>, Yorkshire, <\/span>stvorio<\/span> poluauto<\/span>matski<\/span> stroj<\/span> za <\/span>proizvodnju<\/span> 200 boca <\/span>na<\/span> sat<\/span>. <\/span>bilo<\/span> je to<\/span> nevjerojatno<\/span> dostignu\u0107e<\/span> koje<\/span> je <\/span>utrostru\u010dilo<\/span> brzinu<\/span> proizvodnje<\/span> u <\/span>njegovoj<\/span> tvornici<\/span>. <\/span>No <\/span>i<\/span>novacije<\/span> time<\/span> nisu<\/span> stale:<\/span> 20 <\/span>godina<\/span> kasnije<\/span>, 1903., Michael Owens <\/span>iz<\/span> Illinoisa<\/span>, SAD, <\/span>osmislio<\/span> je<\/span> potpuno<\/span> automatizirani<\/span> stroj<\/span> koji je<\/span> proizvod<\/span>io<\/span> 2500 boca <\/span>na<\/span> sat \u2013 <\/span>dostignu\u0107e<\/span> koje<\/span> prije<\/span> nije<\/span> bilo<\/span> zamislivo<\/span>. <\/span><\/span>Nakon<\/span> po\u010detka<\/span> industrijsk<\/span>e<\/span> proizvodnje<\/span> stakla<\/span><\/span><\/a>, <\/span>u<\/span>slijedio<\/span>\u00a0<\/span> je<\/span> uspon<\/span> staklene<\/span> ambala\u017ee<\/span> za <\/span>na\u0161a<\/span> omiljena<\/span> pi\u0107a<\/span>, <\/span>boca za <\/span>umak<\/span>e<\/span> i<\/span> staklenke<\/span>, <\/span>a <\/span>koje<\/span> se<\/span> danas<\/span> nalaze<\/span> u <\/span>domovima<\/span> milijuna<\/span>, <\/span>ako<\/span> ne <\/span>i<\/span> milijardi<\/span> ljudi<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\n\n \r\n

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Slavljenje povijesti i inovativnosti tijekom Me\u0111unarodne godine stakla<\/h3>\r\n

Kao drevni materijal bogate kulturne ba\u0161tine, boce i staklenke imale su sredi\u0161nju ulogu u na\u0161em dru\u0161tvu tisu\u0107ama godina. I dalje su svestrane, reciklabilne i neprestano usavr\u0161avane. Zato je 2022. godina slu\u017ebeno progla\u0161ena UN-ova Me\u0111unarodna godina stakla \u2013 kako bi se proslavile njegove izvanredne prednosti i za poslovne subjekte i za potro\u0161a\u010de.<\/p>\r\n

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A <\/span>\u0161to<\/span> nam<\/span> donosi<\/span> budu\u0107nost<\/span>?<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

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U <\/span>posljednjim<\/span> desetlje\u0107ima<\/span> proizvodnja<\/span> stakla<\/span> nastavila<\/span> se <\/span>razvijati<\/span> u <\/span>skladu<\/span> s <\/span>napretkom<\/span> u <\/span>podru\u010dju<\/span> materijala<\/span> i<\/span> tehnologij<\/span>e<\/span> \u010diji<\/span> je<\/span> cilj<\/span> oja\u010dati<\/span> boce<\/span> i<\/span> staklenke<\/span> te<\/span> smanjiti<\/span> ekolo\u0161ki<\/span> utjecaj<\/span> proizvodnje<\/span>. Nove <\/span>inovacije<\/span> kao<\/span> \u0161to<\/span> su<\/span> hibridne<\/span> pe\u0107i<\/span> koje<\/span> koriste<\/span> vi\u0161e<\/span> obnovljive<\/span> energije<\/span>, <\/span>boce<\/span> smanjene<\/span> te\u017eine<\/span> i<\/span> robusniji<\/span> spremnici<\/span> postavljaju<\/span> temelje<\/span> za <\/span>proizvodnju<\/span> ambala\u017ee<\/span> koja<\/span> \u0107e<\/span> i<\/span> dalje<\/span> biti<\/span> pouzdana<\/span> i<\/span> omiljena<\/span>, <\/span>i<\/span> u <\/span>daleko<\/span>j<\/span> budu\u0107nost<\/span>i<\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nove <\/span>organizacije<\/span> \u2013 <\/span>poput<\/span> <\/span>U<\/span>dru\u017eenj<\/span>a<\/span> za <\/span>povijest<\/span> stakla<\/span><\/span><\/a> (UK), <\/span>muzej<\/span>a<\/span> kao<\/span> \u0161to<\/span> su<\/span> Muzej<\/span> stakla<\/span> Corning (SAD) <\/span>i<\/span> Glasmuseum<\/span> Hentrich (<\/span>Njema\u010dka<\/span>)<\/span> \u2013<\/span> te<\/span> akademske<\/span> istra\u017eiva\u010dke<\/span> skupine<\/span> poput<\/span> m<\/span>e\u0111unarodne<\/span> komisije<\/span> za <\/span>staklo<\/span> pojavile<\/span> su<\/span> se<\/span> kako<\/span> bi <\/span>nastavile<\/span> dokumentirati<\/span>, <\/span>prou\u010davati<\/span> i<\/span> \u010duvati<\/span> povijest<\/span> i<\/span> kulturnu<\/span> ba\u0161tinu<\/span> stakla<\/span>, <\/span>kako<\/span> bi <\/span>sa\u010duvale<\/span> naslje\u0111e<\/span> izrade<\/span> stakl<\/span>a<\/span> i<\/span> za <\/span>budu\u0107e<\/span> generacije<\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Povezane objave <\/p>\r\n

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Sigurnost staklene ambala\u017ee: manje kemikalija, vi\u0161e zdravlja\u00a0<\/a><\/h4>\r\n

\u00abStaklo i keramika sadr\u017ee daleko najmanji broj izmjerenih kemikalija koje dolaze u dodir s hranom.\u00bb  Jane Muncke, autorica, direktorica i znanstvena direktorica organizacije Food Packaging Forum <\/p> \r\n

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Staklo na putu prema budu\u0107nosti\u00a0\u00a0<\/a><\/h4>\r\n

Jeste li ikada vidjeli kako se izra\u0111uje staklena boca? Ovaj fascinantan proces uklju\u010duje taljenje odabranih sastojaka i oblikovanje s brojnim mogu\u0107nostima kad su u pitanju oblik i boja.<\/p> \r\n

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U \u010demu je razlika izme\u0111u stakla i kristala?\u00a0<\/a><\/h4>\r\n

Svaki kristal je staklo, ali nije svako staklo kristal. U ovom \u010dlanku objasnit \u0107emo razlike i sli\u010dnosti izme\u0111u ova dva razli\u010dita materijala. <\/p> \r\n

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